Bibliography

1. Textbook of Medical Physiology, Seventh Edition
Arthur C. Guyton, M.D. Chairman and Professor Department of Physiology and Biophysics University of Mississippi School of Medicine. 1986, W. B. Saunders Co.

P. 354. Pumping caused by external compression. Any external factor that compresses lymph vessels can also cause pumping. Contraction of muscles, Movement of the parts of the body, Arterial pulsations and Compression of the tissues by objects outside the body.

Any factor that causes compression of the lymphatic capillaries probably causes them to pump fluid.

Every time a tissue is compressed, interstitial fluid pressure in the local area of compression rises temporarily to a positive value. This causes minute amounts of fluid to move into the lymphatics and subsequently to be pumped away from the tissues. Then upon removal of the compression, the recoiling of the elastic structures in the tissues, particularly of the reticular structure of the tissue gel, creates suction in the tissues.

2. Textbook of Physiology, Sixteenth Edition
W. W. Tuttle, Ph.D., Sc.D Professor Emeritus of Physiology University of Iowa College of Medicine.
Byron A. Schottleius, Ph.D., Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa College of Medicine.
1969 C.V. Moseby Co.

P 298. Lymph does not flow from a resting limb. Massaging of the body and passive movements of the limbs acts on the flow of lymph and venous blood in much the same manner as rhythmical contraction of muscles. Fatigue after work is lessened by massage, for it removes more speedily the waste products from the tissues.

3. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 2001, Vol. 19243, Published by Eisvier Science Inc.
Anatomy and Physiology of the lymphatic Drainage of the breast from the Perception of Sentinel Node Biopsy.
Pieter J. Tanis, M.D., Omgo E. Nieweg, M.D., Ph.D., Renato A. Valdes Olmos, M.M., Ph.D., Bin BR Kroon, M.D., Ph.D.

Page 399. The flow us unidirectional because of the lymphatic valves. Sustained external pressure reduces the flow speed and intermittent external pressure enhances it.

Page 406. Axillary drainage is the principal lymphatic path of the breast. Gentle massage encourages lymph flow.

4. Annals of Surgical Oncology 8:837-843 (2001), Society of Surgical Oncology, Pathways of Lymphatic Drainage From The Breast. S. David Nathanson, M.D., D. Lynne Wachna, RN, BAN. Donna Gilman, M.M, Kastyis Karvelis, M.D., Suzanne Havstad, MS and John Ferrara, M.D., From the Departments of Surgery (SDN, DLW, DG, JF) Radiology (KK) and Bilstatisitcs (SH) Henry Ford System, Detroit Michigan.

The study reported here confirms previous observations that the dermal and parenchymal lymphatics of the breast drain into the same axillary node.

5. Review of Medical Physiology, Sixth Edition
William F. Ganong, M.D. Professor of Physiology, Chairman, Department of Physiology University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
Published by Lang Medical Publications, Los Altos, CA

Movements of skeletal muscles and pulsations transmitted from arteries undoubtedly compress lymphatics, since valves in the lymph vessels prevent back flow, the compression propels the lymph toward the heart.

6. New England Journal of Medicine, 1979 Feb 8; 300(6):316
Lymphatic contractions. Olszewski WL; Engeset A; Publisher Massachusetts Medical Society, Boston, MA

P.316 We have found that the rhythmic contractility of the subcutaneous lymphatic vessels in the human leg generates pressure waves necessary to propel lymph.

7. Textbook of Anatomy, Third Edition
W. Henry Hollinshead, PhD, Visiting Professor of Anatomy of University of North Carolina School of Medicine. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Harper & Row Publishers.

Page 177 The chief drainage is into the axillary lymph nodes which normally receives 71 % of the total drainage

8. Human Biochemistry, Ninth Edition 1975
James M. Orten, PhD, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of Graduate Affairs Wayne State University School Of Medicine. Otto W. Neuhaus, PhD, Professor and Chairman of Biochemistry, University of South Dakota. C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO 1975

Page 686 The lymphatic capillaries drain the tissues (interstitial) spaces.

Page 698 After a meal, the fat content rises since more than half the fat absorbed goes by this route. In fact, the lymph or chyle is decidedly milky if the food contains much fat.

9. Center For Occupational and Environmental Medicine annual meeting symposium, June 1998.
Printed by Dr. Lieberman M.D.
Man and his environment in Health and Disease
(Independent TV, Feb. 15, 2004) The news is not good and what is worse, one wonders if anyone is listening. We have been concerned about problems of infertility, impotence in males and overt Falling sperm counts. To this must be added an increasing incidence of endometriosis and breast cancer and this is just the tip of the iceberg. Is there a unifying explanation for all this? The data seems to confirm there is.

One paper was presented at this conference on the levels of toxic chemicals being found in breast milk. The levels were so high that if the breast milk were to be put on grocery stores shelves it would be banned by the EPA because it contained more then 200 industrial chemicals including pesticides. The fatty tissue of the breast is a primary storehouse or waste dumpsite for the many of these xenodiotics to which the adult female is exposed. Levels of DDE (the metabolic of DDT) and Dioxins and Furans (Highly chlorinated hydrocarbons) are especially elevated in the breast milk. The latter are considered being among the most toxic chemicals known.

10. Nurses Leadership Council report, June 2001.
Select Chlorinated Compounds and their relationship to breast cancer

Two Studies show positive association between organochlorines and breast cancer.

A 1998 study Organochlorine exposure and risk of breast cancer. by Hoyer, AP, P. Grandjean, T. Jorgenson, J.W. Brock and H.B. Hartvig, Lancet, 352 (9143): 1816-20, showed a positive association between the organochloride deldrin (a pesticide) and breast cancer risk.

A second study Organochlorine exposure and breast cancer risk in Columbian women, conducted by Olaya-Contreas, et al, 1998, Cad Soude Publica 14(Suppl. 3): 125-132 found an association between DDE levels and the risk of breast cancer.

11. Environmental Health Perspective, Volume 111, Number 8, June 2003
Environmental Pollutants and Breast Cancer
Julia Green Brody and Ruthann A. Rudel

Page 9. Organic Solvents, many of which are animal mammary carcinogens, have also been associated with breast cancer in an occupational study of 7,802 Danish women diagnosed at 25-55 years of age. (Hansen 1999)

Page 12. Among 70,000 chemicals in commerce, fewer then 1,000 have been tested in cancer bioassays, and there has been no systemic testing for hormonal activity (U.S. EPA 1999)

12. News in Science, ABC News Net 12/7/1999
The Independent (British Newspaper)
Over 350 toxins found in breast milk

More then 350 substances have been identified in breast milk, including perfumes, suntan oil, pesticides and heavy metals. The report commissioned by World Wide Fund for Nature and quoted by the Independent was based on studies of the content of breast milk around the world.

British babies of two months were believed to be ingesting 42 times above what is regarded as the safe limit for Dioxin.

13. Cornell University, Program of Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors (BCERF)
Volume 4, No 3
Human Breast Milk Contamination Detection of Minicyclic Aromatic Amines, Possible Mammary Carcinogens, in Human Milk. Lillian S. DeBruin, J.B. Pawliszyn, P.D. Josephy, Chemical research in Toxicology, Volume 12, 78-82, January 1999. Prepared by Sandra Steingraber, Ph.D., Visiting Assistant Professor, Cornell University Center for the Environment.

Worldwide contamination of human breast milk is a well-kept secret. This is not to say that the topic has not been thoroughly studied.

Some breast cancer activists are beginning the much-needed public conversation that breastfeeding activists are apparently too fearful to initiate. The connection is a simple one: if toxic chemicals are ubiquitous in breast milk, then they are also present in the breasts of all women, lactating or otherwise and may be contributing to cellular damage in the breast ducts.

14. Gray's Anatomy
Charles Mayo Goss, AB., M.D. Visiting professor of Anatomy, George Washington School of Medicine. Chapter 10 The Lymphatic System
Lea & Febiger Publisher

Page 735 The lymphatic vessels are exceeding delicate, and their coats are so transparent that the fluid they contain can be seen through them.

The lymph is propelled by contractions of the vessel walls in the larger vessels, but by the motion of the surrounding structures in the smaller ones. The valves prevent backflow.

Page 750 The superficial lymphatic vessels of the thoracic wall ramify beneath the skin and converge to the axillary nodes.

The lymphatic Vessels of the mamma originate in a plexus in the interlobular spaces and on the walls of the galactophorous ducts. Those from the central part of the gland pass to an intricate plexus situated beneath the areola, a plexus that receives also the lymphatics from the skin over the central part of the gland those from the areola and nipple/ Its efferents are collected into two trunks which pass to the pectoral group of the axillary nodes.

15. Immunology, Basic Processes, Second Edition
Joseph A. Bellanti, M.D., Professor of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C.
W. B. Saunders Co.

16. Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th Edition
Epidemiology of Cancer, William J. Blot, Breast Cancer, by Brian J. Lewis
James B. Wyngaarden, M.D. Professor of Medicine Duke University
Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., M.D. Professor of medicine University of California, San Francisco
J. Claude Bennett, M.D. Professor of Medicine University of Alabama

90% of breast cancer patients lack a positive family history.

Estrogens have an impact on the development of breast cancer.

Dietary fat, particularly saturated fat and calories have been implicated in the risk of colon, breast and other cancers.

Carcinogens have in some instances been identified in the air we breathe and the water we drink.

17. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Third Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

The lymph nodes of the axilla drain the lymphatic vessels from the arms, the majority of the breast and the abdominal skin above the umbilicus. These lymph nodes, which lie primarily under the arms on the lateral aspect of the chest wall, are divided into five groups based on their location. The Pectoral nodes are at the lower boarder of the pectoral muscle, along the lateral thoracic veins (the upper outer edge of the breast). They drain the majority of the breast and consist of two to seven nodes.

Approximately 75% of drainage in into the axillary lymph nodes, which act as filters between the breast and venous circulation.

18. Structure and Function of the Human Body 11th Edition
G. Thibodeau and K. Patton
Mosby, 2000 ,The Lymphatic System

Lymph is filtered by the reticular and lymphoid tissues as it passes through lymph nodes. Particulate matter includes microbes, dead and live phagocytes containing ingested microbes, cells from malignant tumors, worn out and damaged tissue cells and inhaled particles. Organic material is destroyed in the lymph nodes by macrophages and antibodies. Some inorganic inhaled particles cannot be destroyed by phagocytosis. These remain inside the macrophage either causing no damage or destroying it. Material not filtered off and dealt with in one lymph node passes on the next and so on. Thus by the time the lymph reaches the blood it has usually been cleaned of all cellular impurities such as debris and foreign bodies.

19. Biomedical Engineering 403, 1997
Microcirculation and lymphatics, USC School of Medicine
Dr. Schectman, M.D.

Defense Function. Fluid draining out of the interstitial compartment carries within foreign materials such as soluble antigens, bacteria, carbon particles, etc. Particulate matter is filtered out and phagocytosed in the lymph nodes.

20. Physiological Reviews, Vol 70, No 4, Oct. 1990
Microlymphatics and Lymph Flow
Geert W. Schmid-Schonbein, Department of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA

Page 1013 Gentle skin massage increases peripheral lymphatic pressure and thus to the outflow of lymph fluid along its channels.

Page 1021 To achieve continuous lymphatic output, periodic (time variant) tissue stresses need to be applied. They include arteriole pressure pulsations, arteriolar vasomotor; intestinal smooth muscle contractions; skin tension; and external compression, such as during walking, running, or massage, respiration, bronchiole constriction, periodic tension tendon, contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm, tension in the pleural space during respiration and contractions of the heart.

21. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 2000;74:69-74
Pattern of Lymphatic Drainage to the Sentinel Lymph Node in Breast Cancer Patients.
Giuseppe Canavase, M.D., Marco Gipponi, M.D., Alessandra Catturich, M.D, Carmine Di Sokka, M.D., Carlo Vecchio, M.D., Giuseppe Villa, M.D., Giuseppe Agnese, M.D., Pietro Bianchi, M.D., Ferdinando Buffoni, M.D., Giulano Mariani, M.D., Fausto Badellino, M.D. University of Genoa School of Medicine, Genoa, Italy

Page 71 Flow from the subcutaneous and intramammary lymphatic vessels move centrifugally toward the axillary lymphatic vessels and internal mammary lymph nodes (IML); apparently, about 97% of the lymph of the breast flows to the axillary lymph nodes, whereas 3% is estimated to flow to the IML.

22. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol 41, No 9, September 2000
Evaluation of Mammary Lymphoscintigraphy by Single Intratumoral Injection for Sentinel Node Identification.

Page 1503 We have found that preoperative Lymphoscintigraphy by a single intratumoral tracer injection using a small volume is valid for identifying the sentinel node in the axilla.

Page 1505 The average case of breast cancer is present ten years before detection.

23. Annals Of Surgery, Vol 232, No, 1,81-89, 2000
Functional Lymphatic Anatomy for Sentinel Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer. Echoes From the Past and the Periareolar Blue Method Paul J. Borgenstein, M.D., Ph.D., Sybren Meijer, M.D., Ph.D., Rik J. Pipers, M.D., Phd, Paul J. Van Diest, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of surgical Oncology, Nuclear Medicine and Pathology, Academic Hospital of the Vrije Universitiet Amsterdam, The Neathetlands

Page 82 The lymph drainage of the skin directly overlying the breast is continuous with that of the underlying mammary gland proper and will drain to the same axillary sentinel lymph nodes. The breast functions as a single biological unit and has a specialized lymphatic system that drains preferentially to the designated (sentinel) lymph nodes in the lower axilla after approximately 5 minutes delay, during which the injection site was gently massaged.

24. New Toxic Chemicals Found in Breast Milk
Mercola.com
A new class of toxic chemicals has been discovered in breast milk, in human blood, in food, in remote rural air, in wild fish and in the sewage sludge being applied as fertilizer on crops across the U.S.

Like their cousin PCB's (Poludhlorinated Biphenyis), many PBDEs persist for years in the environment, accumulate in the food chains and concentrate in fatty tissues. A recent survey of the PBDE literature reveals that some PBDEs can cause cancer, Interfere with hormone and disrupt growth and development in laboratory animals.

PBDEs are not soluble in water, but they dissolve readily in fat. They are also persistent in the environment (meaning the break down only slowly) As they move through the food chain, they concentrate and biomagnify. These are the very characteristics that have caused other industrial poisons to be labeled bad actors and yanked from the market, including DDT and PCB's

25. WEBMD Jan 13, 2005
Is Teflon Chemical Toxic? EPA Seeks Answers
By Daniel DeNoon Webmd medical news
Reviewed by Michael Smith, M.D.

A chemical used to make Teflon somehow got into the blood of everyone on earth. How did it get there? What does this mean for our health?

It is certainly bad for the monkeys. It is certainly bad for rats. The EPA is calling together a panel of 17 experts. Leading the panel will be Deborah Cory-Siechta, Ph.D., Director of the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in Piscataway, N.J.

26. UCLA Institute of the Environment, 2004
Suzanne E. Paulson, Ph.D., Department of Atmospheric Sciences. Air Pollution.

Air toxins are airborne chemicals, such as dioxins, mercury and perchloroetheylene, which individually likely to induce specific diseases.

Some particles deposit largely in the upper respiratory tract and promote inflammation that exacerbates asthma and other acute respiratory diseases. Other particles deposit deep in the lung, where the chemicals they carry can initiate cancers or enter the blood stream and promote inflammation of the circulatory system, increasing the incidence of stroke and heart attacks. Thus, particles, not only affect respiratory health, but can also induce mortality.

27. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, December 28, 2005
Robert Lawrence, M.D, Associate Dean at the Bloomberg School of Public Health

Dioxens are a family of organic compounds polluting our environment. They are a group of chemicals, which include 75 different chlorinated molecules of dibenzo-p-dioxin and 135 chlorinated dibenzo furans. Some Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are referred to as Dioxin like compounds. Tetrachloro-dibenzopara-dioxin, or TCDD, is particularly toxic which is associated with many harmful side effects.

Dioxins are also carcinogenic, which is the main long-term human health threat. There appears to be no safe threshold for exposure.

Most people are exposed to dioxins through their lifetime in small amounts through the foods they eat, especially through the fat of meat, eggs, whole milk, cheese and other dairy products. Dioxins are taken up by fish and other animals, where they get concentrated and stored in fatty tissue.

The average person born today will receive their highest exposure to dioxins as a developing fetus and as a nursing infant, Much exposure comes from breast milk as the mother mobilizes fatty fat, where dioxin is sequestered to form breast milk.

28. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School Of Public Health September 3, 2003
Pesticide Symposium Focuses on Identifying Threats.
Lynn Goldman, M.D., a pediatrician and Professor of Environmental Health Sciences at the School of Public Health and a former assistant administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances.

Pesticides are designed to kill unwanted organisms and include insecticides and herbicides.

Pesticides have been linked to a wide range of chronic illness. Studies have linked pesticide exposure at lower levels to increased risk of cancer, brain injury, birth defects, reproductive disorders and kidney and liver damage.

29. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School Of Public Health June 9, 2003
Timothy Buckley, Ph.D. Professor of Environmental Health Sciences at the School of Public Health
Vehicle Traffic Associated with Increased Carcinogen Levels.

Researchers from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health have identified a significant association between vehicle traffic and curbside concentrations of carcinogens benzene, 1,3-butadiene and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).

This study provides a unique, real world assessment of the relationship between traffic volume, vehicle class, weather, and curbside concentrations of carcinogens.

30. American Council On Science And Health, 1997
Public Health Concerns about Environmental Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Leonard T. Flynn, PhD., M.B.A.
Cindy F. Kleiman, M.P.H., Project Coordinator
Academic Press, 1997

Several regulatory and advisory agencies, including the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have determined that there is sufficient evidence to consider PCBs to be animal carcinogens, studies of workers exposed to high doses of PCBs over long periods of time have not demonstrated an increased cancer risk.

The weight of the experimental evidence supports the conclusion that PCBs can cause cancer in animals. Extensive reviews by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 1987), the national Toxicology Program (NTP, 1989), the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH, 1996) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 1996a,b) have all determined that sufficient evidence exists to consider PCBs to be animal carcinogens.

31. The Human Body Explained
P. Whitfield, New York, NY. Holt & Company 1995

Lymph is not pumped. It passively flows from the tissues into the lymph capillaries. The flow within the lymphatic vessels is aided by other body movements, such as deep breathing, external massage and the action of nearby muscles and blood vessels.

32. Warning From the State of California Publisher in Los Angeles Times in 1998
Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm are found in and around gasoline stations, refineries, chemical plants and other facilities that produce, handle, transport, store or sell crude oil and petroleum and chemical products.

Other facilities covered by this warning include, for example oil and gas wells, oil and gas treating plants, petroleum and chemical storage tanks, pipeline systems, marine vessels and barges, tank trucks and tank cars, loading and unloading facilities and refueling facilities.

33. The University Of Michigan Medical School, 2004
Pectoral Region & Breast Dissector Answers

A breast's arterial supply is derived from branches of the internal thoracic artery, the lateral thoracic artery, the thoracoacromial artery and posterior intercostals arteries. Venus drainage follows arterial supply, primarily into the axillary vein, but also draining some blood into the internal thoracic vein.

Most (75%) of the lymph from the breast goes to the axillary Lymph Nodes, via the pectoral lymph nodes.

34. Mountain News Network, October 2002
Chemicals and Breast Cancer. The Connection?
Mary Ellen Edwards-Mc Tamaney

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in women 34 to 54 years of age. The breast cancer tide keeps rising in the U.S. and other developed countries - but more then 50% of the cases are unexplainable by known risk sources.

A large body of evidence suggests that synthetic chemicals in the environment are related to possible causes of breast cancer. There are many environmental exposures that individuals cannot control, such as pesticides, dioxin, secondhand tobacco smoke and other chemicals. There are about 85,000 synthetic chemicals used in the U.S. Another 2,000 are added each year. Nearly 3,000 of these chemicals are produced in excess of one million pounds annually. More then 90% have never been tested for their effects on human health. Over 43 chemicals are implicated in breast cancer formation and synergistically can produce combined effects of more toxicity.

Doctors are now warning us against the use of hormone replacement therapy. Estrogens and their synthetic counterparts may cause cells to proliferate, increasing the risk of cancer. Women are vulnerable to harm from estrogens or synthetic substances (xenoestrogens) that behave like estrogens. These are contained in many pesticides, fuels, plastics, solvents, detergents and prescription drugs. The exposure to these substances can set the stage for breast cancer.

Breast milk is a marker for human contamination. While breast milk is still the best nutrition for infants, it also transmits foreign chemicals and contaminants to the infant. Ironically, this downloading may be one of the reasons breast feeding lowers the mother's risk of breast cancer.

Chemicals that persist in the environment accumulate in the body fat are carried by women in their breasts, which are 90% fat.

35. American Academy Of Pediatrics, Vol 108, No 3,
September 2001, PP. 776-789
Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals into Human Milk

If a pharmacological or chemical agent does not appear in our chemical tables (1-7) it does not mean that is not transferred into human milk or that it does not have an affect on the infant; it only indicated that there were no reports found in the literature.

The following should be considered before prescribing drugs to lactating women

1. Is the drug necessary?
2. The safest drug should be chosen.
3. If the is a possibility that the drug may present a risk to the infant, consideration should be given to the measurement of blood concentrations in the nursing infant.
4. Drug exposure to the nursing infant may be minimized by having the mother take the medication just after she has breastfed the infant or just before the infant is due to have a lengthy sleep period.

36. PubMed. Lymphology, 2002 Dec;35(4):153-60
Lymphatic pathways of the upper medial quadrant of the breast in healthy women: Radiotracer study of the sentinel lymph node.
Tassenoy A, Van Der Veen P, Bossuyt A, Lamote J, Lievens P.
Departments of Rehabilitation Research, Vriji Universiteit, Brussels, Belgium

This study examined the lymphatic drainage after injection of a radiotracer into the upper medial quadrant of the breast in healthy women. Most studies of lymphatic pathways of the breast have been performed on patients with breast cancer and concentrate on the upper lateral quadrant of the breast because of a higher incidence of carcinoma at this site. The lymphatic drainage pathways of the medial aspect of the breast, however, has been less studied. A radiotracer (Tc099m Human serum albumin nanocolloid or HAS) was injected intradermally into the upper medial quadrant of the right breast in 12 healthy women. After 9 minutes, local soft tissue massage was instituted at the injection site for 6 minutes. Fifteen minutes after the injection a graphic scintigraphic image was made of both breasts and axilla over 22 minutes. A sentinel lymph node (Lymphatic pathway) in the axilla was visualized in 11 subjects (91%) and was undetected in one subject (8.3%). The radiotracer migrated in all the patients (100%) towards the axilla.

37. PubMed. Advanced Anatomy Pathology,
Jan:12(1):7-9
Modes of Benign Mechanical Transport of Breast Epithelial Cells to Axillary Lymph Nodes.
Diaz NH, Vrcel V, Centeno BA, Muro-Cacho C.
From the Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL

The evidence implicating breast massage prior to SLN biopsy as a mode of BMT has been supported by statistical analysis; however no method of distinguishing massage-associated cells in SLNs from true occult micrometastases is available.

38. PubMed, Environmental Health Perspective. 2002 Feb;110 Suppl 1:119-28
Perspectives on the chemical etiology of breast cancer
DeBruin LS, Josephy PD
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Guelph-Waterloo Center for Graduate Work in Chemistry (GWC), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Multiple factors, known and unknown, contribute to human breast cancer. Hereditary, hormonal and reproductive factors are associated with risk of breast cancer. Environmental agents, including chemical carcinogens, are modifiable risk factors to which over 70% of breast cancers have been attributed.

39. PubMed, Annals Biol Clin (Paris). 2002 Jan-Feb;60(1):37046.
Environmental Chemical Pollution and Toxic Risk for Humans: The Particular role of Organochlorine pesticides.
Charlier C, Plomteux G.
Service de toxicology clinique, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Clinique, Tour II Etage, CHU - B35, B 4000 Liege (Belgique).

There is increasing concern about environmental exposure to multiple chemicals and adverse changes in reproductive development, functions or behavior in wildlife. The major group of environmental chemicals, such as organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other xenoestrogens are currently known to have estrogenic effects in vertebrates and fishes. Recent studies suggest that past exposure to such estrogenic compounds may affect the risk of developing breast cancer, precocious puberty or impaired fertility in man.

40. Medline Abstract, European Journal of Cancer 1991;27(2):131-5 (issn: 0959-8046)
Breast Size, Handedness and Breast Cancer Risk
Hsieh CC; Trichopoulos D. Department of Epidemology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA

Handedness may affect lateral occurrence of breast cancer, although this tumor is in general more common in the left breast, possibly because this breast is slightly larger. Premenapausal women who do not wear bras have half the risk of breast cancer compared to bra users possibly because they are thinner and likely to have smaller breasts.

41. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, December 3, 2004
Cooking With Plastics
Rolf Halden, Ph.D., PE, Assistant Professor Department of Environmental Health Sciences and the Center for Water Health.

Some European studies found that many plasticizers migrated from plastic containers and wraps into foods as they were heated in microwave ovens. The amount of chemicals absorbed by the food depended on the temperature of the container and food, the duration of the heating, the type of plastic used and its initial plasticizer content, as well as the type of food being heated. As a general rule, the fattier the food, the more of the chemicals potentially can be absorbed and retained by it

42. MSNBC NEWS, Your Environment, Nov 4, 2003
Rising Breast Cancer Rates and Environmental Concerns;
Health advocates urge more research into the role of pollutants. Francesca Lyman

The National Cancer Institute has released some eye opening new figures revealing that not only is the United States not winning to was on Breast Cancer, but the enemy has been gaining on us over the past 15 years.

In August, two groups, The Breast Cancer Fund and Breast Cancer Action, released " The State of the Evidence", a report compiling results from many studies that they say already show links between environmental toxins and breast cancer. Among the findings: Common pollutants, such as benzene, a compound found in car exhaust are linked to breast tumors and people who move to industrial countries suddenly face a higher breast cancer risk within one generation.

43. Cornell University, Program on Brest Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors (BCERF)
Endocrine Disruption Presentation; 5/29/00
Breast Cancer- Is there a Link to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)?
Suzanne M. Snedeker, Ph.D., Cornell University Program on Breast Cancer.

Studies of twins suggest that 27% of breast cancer can be attributed to inherent factors and up to 73% of the risk may be due to environmental factors.

44. UCLA News, March 12, 2003
New UCLA Program To Study The Possible Environmental Causes of Cancer.
Kim Irwin, UCLA Johnsons Cancer Center.

About 95% of the nearly 2.5 million Americans who will be diagnosed with cancer this year hove no known genetic predisposition to the disease. Researchers believe these people develop malignancies due to complex interactions between their genes and their environment.

45. Mayo Clinic Medical Services
Women's Health Center, January 14, 2005
Mayo Clinic Staff

If you are like most women hoping to avoid breast cancer, you're looking at something you can do - some changes you can make in your life - that will steer you away from the disease.
Limit alcohol - A strong link exists between alcohol consumption and breast cancer.
Maintain a healthy weight - There is a clear link between obesity and breast cancer.
Stay Physically Active - Physical activity can help you lower your risk.
Eat Foods High In Fiber - Fiber helps reduce the amount of circulating estrogen in your body.
Get Your Fill Of Fruits and Vegetables - Fiber and antioxidants can help prevent cancer.
Discuss discontinuing long-term hormone therapy -

Avoid Exposure To Pesticides - The molecular structure of some pesticides closely resembles that of estrogen. Although studies haven't found a definite link between most pesticides and breast cancer, researchers have learned that women with elevated levels of pesticides in their breast tissues have a greater risk of breast cancer.

Avoid unnecessary antibiotics - Scientist recently found a link between antibiotic use and breast cancer - the longer antibiotics were used, the greater the risk of breast cancer.

46. Los Angeles Times, Monday November 22, 2004 Can Massage Cure? (Health Section) Hilary E. MacGregor
The National Institutes of Health in funding studies to examine the benefits of massage. Previous studies by various organizations have found that pain, diminished anxiety and depression and enhanced immune function.

Dr. Ka-Kit Hui, director of UCLA's East-West Center in Santa Monica stated, "Massage is a very good therapeutic approach which is underutilized and underappreciated. A lot of people think massage is good for aches and pains, But what we have found that massage activates the body's own healing system".

47. Cornell University Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors in New York State
(BCERF)
December 1998, Fact Sheet # 19
Exercise And The Risk of Breast Cancer
Julie A. Napieralski, PhD, Research Associate at (BCERF) and Carol Devine, PhD, R.D., Division of Nutritional Sciences and Education Project Leader, BCERF

There is encouraging evidence from both human and animal studies that exercise may reduce the risk of breast cancer. According to several large studies of occupational (work related) activity, Women who reported a high level of physical activity at work had an 18% to 52% reduction in their risk of developing breast cancer compared to women with low levels of activity at work.

48. New England Journal Of Medicine 1997; 336:1269-75Massachusetts Medical Society, May 1, 1997 - Volume 336, Number 18
Physical Activity and The Risk Of Breast Cancer
Inger Thune, Tormod Brenn, Eiliv Lund, Maria Gaard.

Physical activity during leisure time and at work is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer
(New England Journal Of Medicine 1997; 336:1269-75) The relationship between exercise and cancer might involve the immune system.

49. American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and Figures 1996
Environmental Cancer Risks
Environmental causes of cancer include exposures in the community or workplace settings, as well as exposures determined by individual lifestyle choices (smoking, diet, Medications, etc.).

The degree of cancer hazard posed by such risks depends on the concentration or intensity of any carcinogen in the environment and the exposure dose a person receives. These factors in combination create a range of risk. For example, in situations where high levels of carcinogen are present and where exposures are extensive, significant hazards may exist, but where concentrations are low and exposures limited, hazards are often negligible.

Environmental pollution by slowly degraded pesticides such as DDT, a result of past agricultural practices, can lead to food chain bioaccumulation and to persistent residues in body fat. Such residues have been suggested as a possible risk factor for breast cancer; concentrations in tissue are low, however, and the evidence is not conclusive.

50. Arthritis Trust of America/The Rheumatoid Disease Foundation
7111 Sweetgum Drive SW, Suite A, Fairview, TN
Bruno Chikly, M.D.

The lymphatic system transports large proteins, foreign bodies and pathogenic agents (germs, toxins, etc.) in its pathway through the lymphatic nodes which acts as and active purification center. These nodes break down and destroy those particles, so they can be flushed out of the body through the eliminatory tract.

The lymphatic load can comprise: lipids (fat), glucids, proteins, enzymes, urea, minerals, hormones, some dissolved gasses (nitrogen, carbon dioxide), cells (lymphocytes, macrophages), toxins, bacteria, viruses, very few extruded red corpuscles, body waste, pieces of cell debris, maybe some cancerous cells.

51. Annals of Surgical Onchology, 9:248-255 (2002)
Society of Onchology
Final Results of the Department of Defense Multicenter Breast Lymphatic Maping Trial
Steve Shivers, PhD, Charles Cox, M.D., George Leight, M.D., Daniel Beauchamp, M.D., Peter Blumencrantz, M.D., Merrick Ross, M.D. and Douglas Reinrgen, M.D., The Department of Defense Breast Lymphatic Mapping Investigators.
From the Department of Surgery, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa

The most powerful predictor of survival in women with breast cancer is the status of the axillary lymph nodes.

The five-minute breast massage was intermittent to allow the valves in the lymphatic channels time to open and the mapping agents to flow.

An axillary SLN was identified in 96% of the studies that were successful in showing some lymphatic drainage, and the axilla was the only site of drainage in 78% of the successful studies.

52. American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, Journal of Controlled Release
Vol. 50, No. 1, pages 13-19 (1998) ISSN 0168-3659
Massage-induced release of subcutaneously injected liposomes-encapsulated drugs to the blood
Treuetskoy, V.S., Whiteman, K.R., Torchillin, V.P., Wolf, G.L.

Without and mechanical stimulation, subcutaneously injected 200 nm liposomes are usually trapped in the interstitial space for prolonged time. However, upon lymphatic stimulation (such as manual massage of the injection site), the liposomes can be mobilized into the blood via the lymphatic pathway. Up to 40% of the injected dose can be delivered via the lymphatic pathway from the injection site at the rabbits paw dorsum during 5 min manual massage cycle.